Transgenic animals

 What are transgenic animals ?

The animals which carry foreign genes are called transgenic genes.So question arises that what are transgenic genes.

 A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism.

      Production of transgenic animals

The foreign genes are inserted into genome of the animal using Recombinant DNA technology. The production of transgenic animals include :-

• Location, identification and separation of desired gene.
• Selection of proper vector( generally a virus) or direct transmission.
• Combining the desired gene with the vector.
• Introduction of transferred vector into the cell, tissues, embryo or mature individual.
• Demonstration of integration and expression of foreign gene in Transgenic tissue or animal.

Advantages of Transgenic animals

• Normal physiology and development :- Transgenic animals are specially developed to study how genes are regulated and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development, e.g. study of complex factors involved in growth such as insulin like growth factor.

• Study of diseases :- Many transgenic animal are developed to increase our understanding how genes contribute to development of a disease so that investigation of new treatment for disease is made possible. Now transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer.

• Biological products :- Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products but such products are often expensive to make. Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA( or genes) which codes for a particular product such as human protein used to treat emphysema.

• Vaccine safety testing :- Transgenic mice are being formed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on the humans.

IN THE NEXT BLOG POST WE DISCUSS THE REAL LIFE EXAMPLES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS.

Process of production of antibiotic.

 Now as we know about the antibiotics it is important to know how they are produced. If want to know about antibiotics either visit my previous blog or click on the link :-

Antibiotics

Before understanding the concept of production of antibiotics we need to understand what does an antibiotic do.

Actions of antibiotic

Antibiotic function either as bactericides (ie killing bacteria) or       bacteriostatic. This can be done by :-

• Disruption of wall synthesis e.g. penicillin, bacitracin.

• Disruption of plasmalemma repair and synthesis e.g. polymyxin, nystatin.

• Inhibition of 50 S Ribosome function e.g. erythromycin.

WHAT IS GOOD ANTIBIOTIC ?

Good antibiotic are those antibiotics which are harmless to host having no side effect and are harmless to normal microflora of elementary canal. It has ability to destroy or kill or retard or cease pathogens as well as broad spectrum and effective against all strains of pathogens and has quick actions.

 

Production of Antibiotic

Suitable strains of micro-organism is cultivated on a sterilized medium provided with optimum pH, aeration, temperature, antifoaming agent and antibiotic agent. 

When sufficient antibiotic has diffused into a medium the micro-organism is separated and antibiotic is extracted from the medium by precipitation ,absorption or solvent treatment. It is purified, concentrated and bioassayed before packing.

Antibiotics

 What are antibiotics ?

The term was coined by SelmanWaksman(1942). Antibiotics ( Anti: against, bios: life) are chemical substances produced by some microbes which in small concentration can kill or cease or retard the growth of harmful microbes without adversely affecting the host. 

Did you know it is one of the most successful innovations in the field of biological science and technology. The first antibiotic created and used successfully was  "penicillin" Read further to get information about penicillin.

The first successful antibiotic

Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexandra fleming(1928). He found that fungus Penicillium notatum could inhibit the growth of bacterium staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic was however commercially extracted by efforts of chains and florey . This chemical was extensively used in treating wounded american soldier in World war 2(WWII). 

Some interesting fact about ANTIBIOTICS

TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS

1) Bactalactans :- β-lactam anti-infection agents (beta-lactam anti-toxins) are anti-microbials that contain a beta-lactam ring in their sub-atomic structure.

This incorporates penicillin subordinates (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems.

 Most β-lactam anti-microbials work by repressing cell divider biosynthesis in the bacterial life form and are the most generally utilized gathering of anti-toxins. Until 2003, when estimated by deals, the greater part of all industrially accessible anti-infection agents being used were β-lactam compounds.

 The first β-lactam anti-toxin found, penicillin, was detached from an uncommon variation of Penicillium notatum (since renamed Penicillium chrysogenum).

2) Amino-glycosides :- Aminoglycoside is a therapeutic and bacteriologic classification of customary Gram-negative antibacterial prescriptions that hinder protein blend and contain as a part of the atom an amino-changed glycoside (sugar).

The term can likewise allude all the more by and large to any natural particle that contains amino sugar bases. Aminoglycoside anti-infection agents show bactericidal movement against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where opposition has not yet emerged however commonly not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria.

3) Quinolones :- A quinolone antimicrobial is an individual from an enormous gathering of expansive range bactericidal that share a bicyclic center structure identified with the substance 4-quinolone.They are utilized in human and veterinary medication to treat bacterial diseases, just as in creature farming. 

Virtually all quinolone antimicrobials being used are fluoroquinolones, which contain a fluorine particle in their synthetic structure and are compelling against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. One model is ciprofloxacin, one of the most broadly utilized anti-toxins worldwide.

4) Sulphonamides :- Sulfonamide is a utilitarian gathering (a piece of a particle) that is the premise of a few gatherings of medications, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa medications or sulpha drugs.The first antibacterial sulfonamides are manufactured (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial specialists that contain the sulfonamide gathering. 

A few sulfonamides are likewise without antibacterial movement, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are fresher medication bunches dependent on the antibacterial sulfonamides.

The process of production of Antibiotics will be discussed in other blog

process of production of antibiotics